Genetic parameters for litter size,piglet growth and sow's early growth and body composition in the Chinese–European line Tai Zumu

Genetics of piglet growth in association with sow's early growth and body composition were estimated in the Tai Zumu line. Piglet and sow's litter growth traits were calculated from individual weights collected at birth and at 3 weeks of age. Sow's litter traits included the number of piglets born alive (NBA), the mean piglet weight (MW) and the standard deviation of weights within the litter (SDW). Sow's early growth was measured by the age at 100 kg (A₁₀₀), and body composition included backfat thickness (BF₁₀₀). A main objective of this study was to estimate separately the direct genetic effect (d) and the maternal genetic effect (m) on piglet weight and daily weight gain during lactation. Variance components were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood methodology based on animal models. The heritability estimates were 0.19 for NBA, 0.15 and 0.26 for SDW and MW at 3 weeks and 0.42 and 0.70 for A₁₀₀ and BF₁₀₀. The NBA was almost independent from SDW. Conversely, the A₁₀₀ and BF₁₀₀ were correlated unfavourably with SDW (r_g<−0.24, SE<0.12). A stronger selection for litter size should have little effect on litter homogeneity in weights. Selection for lean growth rate tends to favour heterogeneity in weights. The direct effect on piglet weight at birth and daily weight gain accounted for 12% (h² (d) = 0.02) and 50% (h² (d) = 0.11) of the genetic variance, respectively. The association between d and m for piglet weight was not different from zero at birth (r_g = 0.19, SE = 0.27), but a strong antagonism between d and m for daily weight gain from birth to 3 weeks was found (r_g = −0.41, SE = 0.17). Substantial direct and maternal genetic effects influenced piglet growth until weaning in opposite way.     

Effect of multi-enzymes in combination with a direct-fed microbial on performance and welfare parameters in broilers under commercial production settings

The objective of this study was to determine the response of broilers to the combination of multi-enzymes and direct-fed microbial (DFM) under commercial production settings. A total of 7,000 1-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were distributed over 10 pens (700 broilers/pen). Two dietary treatments were tested using complete randomized design, including a control diet and a test diet with addition of multi-enzymes (xylanase, amylase, and protease (XAP)] and DFM (a combination of spores from 3 strains ofBacillus amyloliquefaciens). Pelleted diets were offered ad libitum in 3 phases and water was freely available. During starter and grower phases (0 to 21 d), the enzyme and DFM combination resulted in improved FE (P < 0.05). During the finisher phase, higher feed intake and BW gain (P < 0.05) were observed for the test group. Overall, there were significantly higher feed intake, BW gain, and lower water-to-feed ratio in test group compared to the control group. This was related to improved (P < 0.05) modified production efficiency factor which was calculated based on final BW, survival rate, feeding period, and mortality-weight-corrected FCR. The test group had improved litter quality and a reduced foot-pad lesion score compared to the control. In addition, there was a tendency (P < 0.1) of reducingClostridium perfringens population in cecal digesta and higher lactic acid content in the ileal digesta, when expressed on an as-is basis, in the test group. In this study, we demonstrated that using a multi-enzymes and DFM combination in the diet for broilers can result in improved FE in starter/grower phases and animal welfare parameters, and lead to improved production efficiency under commercial settings.     

Effects of Parity of Dam and Breeding Date on the Litter Size of Inner Mongolia White Cashmere Goats

The article through the analysis and research to the effects of parity of dam and breeding date on the litter size of Inner Mongolia White cashmere goats,determine the optimal mating time of Inner Mongolia White cashmere goats,in order to improve the efficiency of reproductive.Data used were 1998 to 2013 reproductive performance records collected from the Arbas stock farm in Inner Mongolia,China.The GLM procedure of SAS 9.0 software was used to determine the significant effect of the parity of dam and breeding date,the results showed that the parity of dam and breeding date had significant effect on litter size (P< 0.01).Litter size was the lowest in 1st parity does (1.37),the significantly increase in litter size with advance in parity and decline after six parity;Mating cycles for September 29th to October 16th had the highest litter size (1.76),and the estrous months and estrus peak time mainly concentrated in October,so this stage in production could be used as breeding period of Inner Mongolia White cashmere goats.     

桑叶和桑枝综合利用概况

近年来,桑叶和桑枝的综合利用研究取得较大进展。桑树资源的开发利用,具有广泛的生态、经济和社会效益,对促进传统蚕桑产业的转型升级具有重要意义。桑叶富含多种保健和营养成分,桑叶茶和桑叶饲料开发已初具规模;桑枝资源丰富,成本低廉,桑枝食用菌栽培、桑枝地板、桑枝造纸以及桑枝制药原料已初见成效。     

桑叶黄酮类化合物提取方法研究

选择水或 70 %乙醇溶剂 ,微波处理或非微波处理桑叶的各种方法提取桑叶总黄酮。研究结果表明 :经微波处理 1 0min桑叶 ,以 70 %乙醇作溶剂提取桑叶总黄酮的浸出率最高。     

毛新杨×毛白杨叶片表型和春季萌芽时间QTL分析

以毛新杨无性系TB0 1×毛白杨无性系LM5 0的回交子代 12 0株个体为作图群体 ,对控制叶片表型性状如叶长、叶宽、叶面积和叶柄长以及春季萌芽时间共 5个性状的数量性状位点 (quantitativetraitloci,QTLs)进行分析。运用AFLP标记技术结合拟测交作图策略构建了含有 393个AFLP标记的毛白杨及毛新杨的遗传连锁框架图。毛白杨遗传图上共含有 2 4 7个AFLP标记位点 ,连锁位点覆盖毛白杨基因组总长约 32 6 5 1cM ,而毛新杨遗传连锁图上共含有 14 6个标记位点 ,连锁位点覆盖毛新杨基因组总长约 1992cM ,这些连锁图的每一连锁群上含有的标记数为 4～ 30个。在此基础上 ,利用区间作图软件共检测到控制叶片表型性状的QTLs14个 ,位于 9个连锁群上 ;而对于春季萌芽时间共检测到 3个QTLs,分别位于 3个不同的连锁群上。在检测到的 17个QTLs中 ,每一QTL可解释表型变异的 7 6 %～ 15 8%。此外 ,发现控制叶长、叶宽和叶面积等相关性状的QTLs位于相同的基因组区域 ,这些QTLs主要位于毛白杨遗传连锁图的TLG2和TLG11以及毛新杨连锁图的TBLG1连锁群上。据控制叶片表型和春季萌芽时间的QTLs所处的基因组区域 ,可推测叶片表型和春季萌芽时间这两类性状是由各自相应的基因控制。     

刺槐叶蛋白的营养价值评价

在对3种刺槐叶蛋白的氨基酸组成及含量进行分析的基础上,应用模糊识别法和氨基酸比值系数法,对其营养价值进行了全面评价和比较.结果表明:3种刺槐叶蛋白中均含有18种氨基酸,种类齐全,含量也很丰富,属完全蛋白质;其总氨基酸含量为63.97%~96.85%,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的42%~44%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比例为73%~80%,第1限制性氨基酸为色氨酸或含硫氨基酸,符合FAO/WHO提出的理想蛋白质模式;刺槐叶蛋白还含有丰富的呈味氨基酸,占总氨基酸的34%~38%,具有较好的适口性;刺槐叶蛋白的贴近度为0.64~0.89,比较符合婴幼儿及少年食用;刺槐叶蛋白质的营养价值与紫花苜蓿叶蛋白相当,刺槐叶蛋白是一种值得开发利用的优质植物蛋白.     

杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量的影响因素分析

通过收集杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量数据,分析杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量与年平均温度、年降水量、林分年龄、枝叶生物量、凋落物量、林下植被生物量的相关关系。结果表明,杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量与林龄、林下植被生物量、凋落物量、枝叶生物量呈显著正相关,其中与林下植被生物量相关性最大,与年均温呈负相关,而与年降水量无显著相关。多元线性回归分析表明,林龄可单独解释枯枝落叶现存量变化的21.2%,而林龄、降水量、年均温、枝叶生物量可以解释枯枝落叶现存量变化的38.6%。     

红皮云杉叶锈病病原菌的研究

红皮云杉叶锈病发生在小兴安岭林区,该林区的地理位置是48°～48°43′N,12°23′～130°19′E,总面积 51.8万 ha(包括东风、新青林业局)。此病害过去仅危害过伐林下层的幼龄林木,不引起人们的重视。但近年来已扩展到5～10年生的人工林木及林间苗圃的苗木上,严重地影响云杉人工林的生长量和苗木产量,给林业生产造成较大的损失(图版Ⅰ-1)。为此从1984～1986年开展了本项试验,现将有关病原菌接种试验和生活史部分的研究结果报道如下。     

毛竹林凋落叶分解失重及养分累积归还模式

经过１０４周对２个试验点上包括３种立竹度和２种林分组成共５种处理条件下的毛竹林凋落叶的分解过程研究，结果表明：分解初期失重迅速，而后趋于缓慢。分解剩余率与分解时间之间存在着指数函数关系。林分立竹度和组成对竹林凋落叶分解速度有着显著影响，竹栎混交林及立竹度为３０１５株／ｈｍ＾２纯竹林处理下，凋落叶的分解速度分别高于纯竹林的其它２种立竹度处理。剩余物中的Ｎ、Ｐ的浓度随分解呈增加趋势，两者变化模式相似，